Viewing the Development of Electric Vehicle Facilities from China and Germany

1. The establishment of a charging system for electric vehicles is a complex system project that differs from conventional fuel vehicles.

The energy supply of a fuel vehicle does not depend on the transportation of fuel, and the charging of the electric vehicle must depend on the power grid. This makes the electric vehicle and the power grid an inseparable whole. Therefore, when setting up the charging system, it must be systematically considered, not only to consider The user's needs, but also to consider the limitations of the power system. The charging of electric vehicles can be regulated in both time and space. Therefore, the system is well designed and can achieve a double win. Electric vehicles are not only a burden on the power grid, but also become an important flexible load on the grid. In a nutshell, electric car charging and fuel car refueling have different characteristics. The electric car charging system is dynamic, while the fuel car gas station system is static. In China, it is necessary to fully consider the status quo of distribution networks and the difficulty of transforming distribution networks in large and medium-sized cities, and to establish a power supply method suitable for China's distribution network. It is necessary to take into account different grid conditions in China's large, medium and small cities, towns and villages.

2. Information technology is profoundly changing human life. The grid, electric vehicles (autopilot), road transport (ITS), and distributed renewable energy will eventually be deeply integrated through information technology to achieve optimal use of energy and intelligent command of traffic.

3. The reunification of standards is critical for charging electric vehicles. At present, there are four major global charging interface standards, which are the European Standard, the North American Standard, the Japanese Standard, and the Chinese Standard. The recently launched “Sino-German Electric Vehicle Charging Project” shows that China and Germany hope to achieve the unification of the charging interface standards for electric vehicles, and the two sides will also sign a charging communication protocol to eventually achieve full sharing of charging facilities. It can be foreseen that proceeding from the harmonized charging standards can promote the comprehensive and in-depth cooperation between China and Germany in the electric vehicle industry, and will also promote the sharing of the China-EU market between the companies of the two countries. The development of electric vehicles requires more open attitudes to seek more extensive cooperation. I believe that China's relevant industrial sector will make great progress in the cooperation with Germany. This includes: key component technologies, product production processes and controls, standardization of infrastructure, and supporting policies and regulations.

4. As an implementation-level charging interface problem, whether it is adopting CCS (the European Union's standard) or the national standard currently being revised, this issue is not very big. As long as the national standard is set to be detailed enough, there is no ambiguity in implementation and it can be satisfied as CCS. Electric vehicle charging needs. The current debate between China and Germany on the charging interface is mainly due to the fact that the national standard is not sufficiently detailed and the revised national standard is already considering this aspect.

5. Imagine that electric vehicles will dominate in the future and V2G technology will be widely adopted. In combination with distributed energy storage, centralized energy storage, and distributed generation, constructing an active distribution network based on layered energy storage will greatly improve the distribution network. With reliability and power supply reliability, the smart grid's terminal active distribution network will realize a highly autonomous and widely-connected electrical energy Internet. If gas, cold storage, and heating are to be comprehensively controlled, it will form the embryonic form of the future energy internet.

6. The charging of electric vehicles is a complex system engineering. The integration of science, technology, engineering, industry, business model, and marketization needs to be integrated. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of the combination of government, production, education, and research. From the national policy, the research of colleges and universities, the formation of industries, and innovative business models, etc., in order to achieve the purpose of users who can afford them, use them conveniently, use them reliably, and use them with confidence. In this regard, Beijing Jiaotong University has accumulated some experience in battery intelligent management systems and active distribution networks. State Grid, China Southern Power Grid, China Electric Power Academy and NARI Group have also invested heavily in charging facilities and are expected to form a strong industry and system for charging facilities for electric vehicles in China. I think that in order to implement the cooperation between China and Germany in the charging of electric vehicles, a special working group should be set up, and all the relevant personnel must be involved.

7. In terms of the combination of production, education and research, I think the EU's experience is worth learning from. In the research of major EU projects, some basic principles are worthy of reference. For example, in the European Union's electric vehicle project, there must be participation of more than three countries. There must be participation of automobile manufacturers, battery and component suppliers, power grid companies, universities and local governments, and local governments, and they must pay attention to standardization. Make scientific research achievements can be implemented throughout Europe. Their proposed networking of power systems and networking of information systems has enabled electric vehicles to be recharged safely in any country in the European Union. We also need to learn from the management of scientific research systems. For example, the application, evaluation, supervision, identification, promotion, and application of projects can follow scientific principles, brainstorm ideas, and promote democracy. Leaders of European governments attach great importance to EU-approved scientific research projects. At the report of the EU electric vehicle project attended by my assistant, German Chancellor Angela Merkel personally cared, and ministers from relevant departments in Germany and the EU personally listened to the first-line technicians. Report, and visit the site from time to time to supervise the progress of related projects and professional project management personnel to regularly review the progress of the project. Their on-site supervision is random, without prior notice, so there is no possibility of packaging.

8. Advantages and experience of German electric vehicles: The standard is unified and interoperability is strong. It is mainly aimed at the interfaces of automobiles and infrastructure, and has strong security and reliable technology. It can bring Germany's experience and solutions to problems and industry experience to China: The process of standard setting is to check if a product passes customs and whether it can be assured that it will enter the market.

9. In the European Union, grid parameters are similar and management methods are similar. Although each grid company has its own property rights, all of them need to go online, connect, transmit, and sell through European and German standards committees.

10. The frequency of the German power grid and China’s power grid is the same, which means that no additional facilities are required for frequency conversion in the use of the power grid, which improves stability and saves power conversion costs. This is also in the cooperation of electric vehicle charging projects. Sino-German cooperation has advantages over Sino-U.S. cooperation and Sino-Japanese cooperation. The power grid property rights and standards in the United States are decentralized and regionalized, and non-uniformity is not conducive to coordinated power grid management. The grid frequency is inconsistent with China, so the related power products need additional accessories to assist normal work.

11. Germany's electric vehicle charging is based on the EU's combined charging system. This system standard is compatible with DC and AC charging methods. The owner does not need to distinguish whether the interface is DC or AC, and direct charging. China's current charging standard, the slow charging standard is similar to that of Germany, but the fast charging is inconsistent, so German cars cannot be implemented on the public charging piles of the national grid. In terms of fast charging, it is also necessary to solve the standard problem of fast charging, but in the world, the European Union, the United States, and Japan have their own fast charging standards, so China should not be unified with this standard in Europe, it is also a discussion now. problem. Another major problem is that fast charging requires the assistance of communication protocols. China uses CANBUS, Europe uses PLC, and communication protocols need to be adjusted.

12. Recently, there has been great progress in wireless charging. Demonstrations have been made in places such as the United Kingdom, continental Europe, Japan, and Shenyang, China. The main benefits of wireless charging are: (1) reduce the car battery; (2) distribution of the charging position, the pressure on the grid is small; (3) parking is charging, will not forget the charge. The main technical indicators of wireless charging are: charging power, charging distance, charging efficiency. China’s ZTE Corporation has reached the world’s leading position in this respect, with a charging power of 30 kilowatts, a charging distance of 20 centimeters and a charging efficiency of 90%.

13. I often say that the successful promotion of electric vehicles depends on three factors: good products, good business models, and good infrastructure. To make consumers affordable, easy to use and comfortable to use. Promoting standardization will undoubtedly help achieve these goals. The investment is definitely huge, but the difficulty of implementation can be reduced by overall planning, step-by-step implementation, and easy-to-follow difficulties. But I think the biggest obstacle is not the pressure of funds, but the compromise of the interests of all parties. The electric vehicle industry includes different participants. There are car companies, grid companies, parts and components companies, governments, and the most critical consumers. Each party has its own interest claims. Many of the appeal points are still in conflict. It is necessary for all parties to compromise and sincerely cooperate. As long as this can be done, other problems are not great.

However, I still want to stress that on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, cooperation with advanced countries is very necessary, and we must not waste food or smash the device. However, we must also clearly understand that technology can not be used in exchange for the market, we must collaborate on innovation and develop China's core technology.