With the continuous advancement of mining modernization, mineral resources are continuously consumed, the scale of mining is also expanding, and the expansion of mining scale drives the continuous development of mining technology. Due to the current iron ore prices fell sharply, the domestic iron ore business development face serious challenges, poor resource conditions of the increasing difficulty of exploitation, but also social and economic development of the mine development put forward new requirements. Therefore, during the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, in order to cope with the changes in the industry situation and the requirements of the times, we must continuously develop mining technologies, reduce the cost and increase efficiency through measures such as the application of new technologies and technological transformation, and at the same time China's mining technology level has been steadily improved.
1 Development status
After decades of development in the new century, especially in the new century, the mining technology level of China's iron ore industry has made significant progress:
1.1 Open pit mining
In open pit mining, the mining process is more mature, the transportation mode is more diversified and efficient, with steep mining, continuous semi-continuous mining process, movable crushing station, steep slope railway transportation, vibration feeding machine loading station, The application of technologies such as automobiles and hoists, the promotion of advanced technologies such as non-waste mining technology, digitalization of mines, and intelligence, have significantly improved mine production efficiency.
(1) Staged mining technology. The staged mining is relative to the whole boundary mining. The advantage is that the investment is saved, the effect is quick, and the infrastructure investment can be achieved as soon as possible. Some large-scale steep slope open pit mines in China have successfully realized staged mining technologies, such as Nanfen Iron Mine, Waterworks Iron Mine, Qidashan Iron Mine, etc. [1] .
(2) Intermittent continuous transportation technology. China's deep-open open pit mine has successfully applied intermittent continuous production technology. The system is mainly composed of two parts. The discontinuous part refers to the transportation of automobile or locomotive, and the continuous transportation part refers to the crusher belt machine and the earth-moving machine. With the gradual exploitation of open pit mines in China, the significance of this process has become increasingly prominent. The technology has been applied in Qidashan Iron Mine, Shuichang Iron Mine, Donganshan Iron Mine, Dagushan Iron Mine and Nanfen Iron Mine.
(3) High-step mining. The height of the step is the main parameter of the open pit. Increasing the height of the step is beneficial to improve the efficiency of the explosion, simplify and shorten the transportation line, increase the amount of minerals in the stage, and improve the continuity of the operation. In recent years, with the gradual popularization of large-scale shovel equipment, high-step mining technology has become more and more popular among mining enterprises. The height of domestic open-pit iron ore is generally 12 meters, and the height of Qidashan iron ore has reached 15 meters. (4) Steep mining. Since the 1970s, China's metal mines experimental research into Steep Slope Technology's start. During the “Eighth Five-Year Plan†period, the steep mining was included in the national science and technology research project, and a large-scale industrial experiment was carried out in the Nanfen open-pit mine. The technology characteristics of the steep mining were revealed systematically and systematically. Production and construction have laid a technical foundation and provided practical experience for the technical transformation and new construction and expansion of large and medium-sized open-pit mines in China. Because steep mining has the advantages of small initial stripping, small amount of infrastructure construction, short construction period and short exposure time of the final slope, it has been promoted and applied in China's open-pit iron mines.
1.2 Underground mining
Underground mining technology is a technical field in which the country has carried out the most extensive scientific research work and obtained the most scientific and technological achievements in the past 60 years. It has successively obtained a large number of technical achievements in the roadway excavation, mining methods, mine filling, etc., and these achievements are used as technical support. Modern underground mines such as Meishan Iron Mine and Jingtieshan Iron Mine have been built, thus promoting the rapid development of China's iron ore underground mining technology, and the technology of some mines has reached the international advanced level.
(1) Develop transportation methods. After years of development, the current domestic underground iron ore mine is mainly based on joint development of shafts and ramps. At the same time, some mines still use other pioneering methods in combination with their own characteristics. Taking Dahongshan Iron Mine as an example, the mine adopts the oblique well belt machine-trackless ramp-blind shaft joint development method, which replaces the shaft lifting and reduces the capital investment, which is innovative and reaches the international advanced level.
(2) Mining methods. Iron ore mines have basically eliminated the backward horizontal filling and shallow hole mining and mining methods. In the production mines, the sublevel caving method without bottom column is generally adopted, and the stage height is gradually increased. The Meishan iron ore reaches 132 meters and the Chengchao iron ore reaches 140 meters; section height and approach spacing are also increased to 15 meters x 20 meters or even 18 meters x 20 meters. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the scale of underground mining and the stricter environmental protection policy, the application of the large-diameter deep-hole empty field method and the segmented empty-field post-filling mining method in the iron ore mine is becoming more and more urgent. many.
(3) Digital mining technology. Taking Meishan Iron Mine as the representative, through the integration of informationization and automation, it breaks through the traditional mining production management method and realizes the effects of remote management, visual monitoring and digital decision-making. It is of great significance to improve production efficiency, change production safety conditions, improve working environment, and promote green and coordinated mining.
2 There is a problem
Although China's mining technology has made significant progress, there are still some problems, mainly reflected in the uneven development of mining technology, the low level of digital mines, and the insufficient support of mining equipment for technological development:
2.1 Mining technology development is uneven
China's vast territory, the national economic development level is very different, and the level of mining development is also very different. The advanced large-scale mining technology represented by Qidashan Iron Mine, Yuanjiacun Iron Mine, and Waterworks Iron Mine has basically reached the international advanced level. In underdeveloped areas, mining technology is still very backward, production efficiency is low, and recovery rate is low. The depletion rate is high and the resources are wasted .
2.2 The level of digital mines is much different from that of foreign countries.
So far, China's digital mines have made great achievements, but compared with mining developed countries, the overall level is still very low, still in the primary development stage. Such as remote mining, unmanned work surfaces and even unmanned mines have become a reality in Canada, Sweden, the United States, Australia and other countries. The United States has successfully developed a large-scale mining dispatch system that uses the latest computers, wireless data communications, scheduling optimization, and global satellite positioning system technology to perform real-time computer control and management of open pit mine production. Some underground mines have been automated except for fixed equipment. Scrapers, rock drilling rigs, and downhole vehicles have all achieved unmanned driving. Workers only remotely control these equipments on the ground to ensure smooth mining operations.
2.3 Mining equipment does not support technical development
The development of mining technology needs to be promoted through the simultaneous update of mining equipment. For example, high-level mining technology in open pit mines must be equipped with large-scale electric shovel. The realization of digital technology requires intelligent equipment to support, but at present, China's mining equipment is still introduced. Digestion, absorption and innovation are the main factors. The independent research and development, large-scale and system integration capabilities of new equipment are weak, and the industrialized manufacturing capacity is weak. It cannot adapt to the upgrading of mining technology, which hinders the advancement of domestic mining technology to a certain extent.
3 “13th Five-Year†Mining Technology Development Trend
3.1 Development direction
(1) Changes in macroeconomic situation have made mining technology development opportunities and challenges coexist for more than a decade. China's iron ore industry has experienced a period of rapid expansion of investment and rapid expansion of production capacity, and has also promoted mine mining technology. During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, the economic growth rate slowed down, market demand declined, supply and demand reversed, and the development of the iron ore industry faced tremendous pressure. On the one hand, investment in mine technology research and development will tend to be tight, but on the other hand in the industry. In the downturn, companies need to reduce production costs, increase production efficiency and competitiveness through the application of new processes and new technologies.
(2) The development of mining technology in the direction of high efficiency, greening and digitization During the “13th Five-Year Plan†period, the development of mining technology will continue to be simplistic in the production process, continuous in the production process, centralized in mining operations, and digital in the operation process. Intelligent and unmanned. In the process of development, we must adhere to the independent innovation as the driving force for sustainable development of technology, take energy conservation and consumption reduction, green manufacturing as an important starting point for technological transformation, and take the deep integration of industrialization and informatization as an important measure of technological progress. The industrialization of results engineering is an important support for the strengthening of iron mining industry [2] .
3.2 Key technologies
During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, the development of mining technology needs to closely integrate the direction of the industry's macro-policy, changes in resource conditions, protection of the ecological environment and social impacts, so as to adapt and promote the progress of the entire industry. Therefore, mining technology should focus on the following aspects during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.
(1) Open-pit to underground mining and open-pit mining technology with the completion of a number of open-pit mines such as the Yankou Iron Mine and the Malanzhuang Iron Mine, which have been transferred to underground mining, open-pit mining or open-pit mining technology. Has fallen behind the actual needs of mine production. The research on open-pit mining technology involves many technical problems, especially the transition from open-pit to underground mining, the mining problem of the isolation layer, and the rock mechanics problems of open-pit mining or open-pit mining, which is urgently needed. During the five-year period, the research intensity was increased [3] .
(2) Deep mining technology With the depletion of shallow resources in China, iron ore mining has gradually turned to deeper, and the newly discovered iron ore resources are mostly deep deposits, such as the Daliangou iron ore and Chentaigou iron ore in Liaoning. , Sishanling iron ore, etc., the depth of the ore body has exceeded 1,000 meters. Different from shallow mining activities, deep mining has many special laws and disasters. The outstanding features are “three highsâ€, that is, special mining technical conditions such as high ground stress, high well temperature and high water pressure, which may cause the roof to collapse. roadway instability, intense heat, ventilation difficulties and other issues, caused by lifting, ventilation, drainage efficiency to reduce cost increases, this requires mining technology and equipment must adapt to this change, carry out key iron ore resources in deep mining technology Research has provided technical support for more and more iron ore mines entering deep mining.
(3) Digital mining technology Digital mine is a digital reproduction and understanding of the whole mine. With the application software of mine as a tool, the high-efficiency and automated data acquisition system is used as a means to achieve high information, automation and high efficiency. To achieve unmanned mining and intelligent mining. This is a complex and huge project involving many technical fields and organizational production departments. Its application potential in mining engineering design, production scheduling, system monitoring and disaster prediction needs to be further explored. It will also be China's iron ore. The future development direction of the mountain, including digital geological model system and digital deposit model system; mine simulation mining technology under virtual conditions; open and underground mine communication, positioning and navigation, information rapid processing and process monitoring technology; intelligent control of mining equipment and Control technology, etc.
(4) Green mining technology includes low-grade ore mining technology and non-waste mining technology. China's iron ore resources are mainly lean ore. For low-grade deposits, such as ultra-depleted vanadium- titanium magnetite in Chengde, mining with traditional mining methods, high production costs, serious environmental damage, low grade ore, difficult mining How to use the body is worthy of further research; in addition, in the process of mining, not only the damage to the natural environment, but also many waste gas, waste water and waste residue. Non-waste mining is to minimize the output and emissions of waste and improve the comprehensive utilization of resources. Process technology that mitigates or eliminates the negative effects of mineral resource development. In the long run, with the improvement of social environmental protection requirements, green mining technology will be one of the important research topics for the sustainable development of mining industry.
4 Conclusion
In recent years, China's iron ore mines are facing a shortage of resources, more and more difficult mining bodies, and increasingly high requirements for environmental protection. Mining technology has made progress in many aspects, especially in open pit mine steep slope transportation technology and truck dispatching system. Technological breakthroughs have been made in large-parameter pillarless sublevel caving, deep well mining, complex and difficult mining, mine geological disaster prevention, and comprehensive management of mine ecological environment, which is the expansion of domestic mine scale and the rapid growth of iron ore output. Technical support is provided. In the future, with the steady development of China's steel industry, the demand for iron ore will remain at a relatively high level. The continuous changes in the development conditions of iron ore resources and the increasing demand for environmental protection have prompted the future development of mining technology in the direction of high efficiency, digitization and greening. Under the current overall downturn of the iron ore industry, China's iron ore enterprises should actively improve their production efficiency and reduce production costs through technological transformation and management. At the same time, mining science and technology workers should also adapt to the requirements of the times, increase investment in research and development of mining technology, and actively promote the continuous development of the industry.
references
[1]He Yuan.Discussion on the status quo and development direction of metal mining technology in China[J].Science and Technology Information,2012,(33):412-414
[2]Wang Yunmin. Development trend of metallurgical mining technology and technology development strategy[J]. 金属矿,2006,(1):19-25
[3]Huang Lifu. Discussion on the development trend of contemporary mining technology and future mining technology [J]. Metal Mine, 2007, (8): 27-34
Source: Land and Resources Information
The author: Lv Zhenhua; (Metallurgical Industry Planning Research Institute, Beijing 100711,)
Copyright:
1 Development status
After decades of development in the new century, especially in the new century, the mining technology level of China's iron ore industry has made significant progress:
1.1 Open pit mining
In open pit mining, the mining process is more mature, the transportation mode is more diversified and efficient, with steep mining, continuous semi-continuous mining process, movable crushing station, steep slope railway transportation, vibration feeding machine loading station, The application of technologies such as automobiles and hoists, the promotion of advanced technologies such as non-waste mining technology, digitalization of mines, and intelligence, have significantly improved mine production efficiency.
(1) Staged mining technology. The staged mining is relative to the whole boundary mining. The advantage is that the investment is saved, the effect is quick, and the infrastructure investment can be achieved as soon as possible. Some large-scale steep slope open pit mines in China have successfully realized staged mining technologies, such as Nanfen Iron Mine, Waterworks Iron Mine, Qidashan Iron Mine, etc. [1] .
(2) Intermittent continuous transportation technology. China's deep-open open pit mine has successfully applied intermittent continuous production technology. The system is mainly composed of two parts. The discontinuous part refers to the transportation of automobile or locomotive, and the continuous transportation part refers to the crusher belt machine and the earth-moving machine. With the gradual exploitation of open pit mines in China, the significance of this process has become increasingly prominent. The technology has been applied in Qidashan Iron Mine, Shuichang Iron Mine, Donganshan Iron Mine, Dagushan Iron Mine and Nanfen Iron Mine.
(3) High-step mining. The height of the step is the main parameter of the open pit. Increasing the height of the step is beneficial to improve the efficiency of the explosion, simplify and shorten the transportation line, increase the amount of minerals in the stage, and improve the continuity of the operation. In recent years, with the gradual popularization of large-scale shovel equipment, high-step mining technology has become more and more popular among mining enterprises. The height of domestic open-pit iron ore is generally 12 meters, and the height of Qidashan iron ore has reached 15 meters. (4) Steep mining. Since the 1970s, China's metal mines experimental research into Steep Slope Technology's start. During the “Eighth Five-Year Plan†period, the steep mining was included in the national science and technology research project, and a large-scale industrial experiment was carried out in the Nanfen open-pit mine. The technology characteristics of the steep mining were revealed systematically and systematically. Production and construction have laid a technical foundation and provided practical experience for the technical transformation and new construction and expansion of large and medium-sized open-pit mines in China. Because steep mining has the advantages of small initial stripping, small amount of infrastructure construction, short construction period and short exposure time of the final slope, it has been promoted and applied in China's open-pit iron mines.
1.2 Underground mining
Underground mining technology is a technical field in which the country has carried out the most extensive scientific research work and obtained the most scientific and technological achievements in the past 60 years. It has successively obtained a large number of technical achievements in the roadway excavation, mining methods, mine filling, etc., and these achievements are used as technical support. Modern underground mines such as Meishan Iron Mine and Jingtieshan Iron Mine have been built, thus promoting the rapid development of China's iron ore underground mining technology, and the technology of some mines has reached the international advanced level.
(1) Develop transportation methods. After years of development, the current domestic underground iron ore mine is mainly based on joint development of shafts and ramps. At the same time, some mines still use other pioneering methods in combination with their own characteristics. Taking Dahongshan Iron Mine as an example, the mine adopts the oblique well belt machine-trackless ramp-blind shaft joint development method, which replaces the shaft lifting and reduces the capital investment, which is innovative and reaches the international advanced level.
(2) Mining methods. Iron ore mines have basically eliminated the backward horizontal filling and shallow hole mining and mining methods. In the production mines, the sublevel caving method without bottom column is generally adopted, and the stage height is gradually increased. The Meishan iron ore reaches 132 meters and the Chengchao iron ore reaches 140 meters; section height and approach spacing are also increased to 15 meters x 20 meters or even 18 meters x 20 meters. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the scale of underground mining and the stricter environmental protection policy, the application of the large-diameter deep-hole empty field method and the segmented empty-field post-filling mining method in the iron ore mine is becoming more and more urgent. many.
(3) Digital mining technology. Taking Meishan Iron Mine as the representative, through the integration of informationization and automation, it breaks through the traditional mining production management method and realizes the effects of remote management, visual monitoring and digital decision-making. It is of great significance to improve production efficiency, change production safety conditions, improve working environment, and promote green and coordinated mining.
2 There is a problem
Although China's mining technology has made significant progress, there are still some problems, mainly reflected in the uneven development of mining technology, the low level of digital mines, and the insufficient support of mining equipment for technological development:
2.1 Mining technology development is uneven
China's vast territory, the national economic development level is very different, and the level of mining development is also very different. The advanced large-scale mining technology represented by Qidashan Iron Mine, Yuanjiacun Iron Mine, and Waterworks Iron Mine has basically reached the international advanced level. In underdeveloped areas, mining technology is still very backward, production efficiency is low, and recovery rate is low. The depletion rate is high and the resources are wasted .
2.2 The level of digital mines is much different from that of foreign countries.
So far, China's digital mines have made great achievements, but compared with mining developed countries, the overall level is still very low, still in the primary development stage. Such as remote mining, unmanned work surfaces and even unmanned mines have become a reality in Canada, Sweden, the United States, Australia and other countries. The United States has successfully developed a large-scale mining dispatch system that uses the latest computers, wireless data communications, scheduling optimization, and global satellite positioning system technology to perform real-time computer control and management of open pit mine production. Some underground mines have been automated except for fixed equipment. Scrapers, rock drilling rigs, and downhole vehicles have all achieved unmanned driving. Workers only remotely control these equipments on the ground to ensure smooth mining operations.
2.3 Mining equipment does not support technical development
The development of mining technology needs to be promoted through the simultaneous update of mining equipment. For example, high-level mining technology in open pit mines must be equipped with large-scale electric shovel. The realization of digital technology requires intelligent equipment to support, but at present, China's mining equipment is still introduced. Digestion, absorption and innovation are the main factors. The independent research and development, large-scale and system integration capabilities of new equipment are weak, and the industrialized manufacturing capacity is weak. It cannot adapt to the upgrading of mining technology, which hinders the advancement of domestic mining technology to a certain extent.
3 “13th Five-Year†Mining Technology Development Trend
3.1 Development direction
(1) Changes in macroeconomic situation have made mining technology development opportunities and challenges coexist for more than a decade. China's iron ore industry has experienced a period of rapid expansion of investment and rapid expansion of production capacity, and has also promoted mine mining technology. During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, the economic growth rate slowed down, market demand declined, supply and demand reversed, and the development of the iron ore industry faced tremendous pressure. On the one hand, investment in mine technology research and development will tend to be tight, but on the other hand in the industry. In the downturn, companies need to reduce production costs, increase production efficiency and competitiveness through the application of new processes and new technologies.
(2) The development of mining technology in the direction of high efficiency, greening and digitization During the “13th Five-Year Plan†period, the development of mining technology will continue to be simplistic in the production process, continuous in the production process, centralized in mining operations, and digital in the operation process. Intelligent and unmanned. In the process of development, we must adhere to the independent innovation as the driving force for sustainable development of technology, take energy conservation and consumption reduction, green manufacturing as an important starting point for technological transformation, and take the deep integration of industrialization and informatization as an important measure of technological progress. The industrialization of results engineering is an important support for the strengthening of iron mining industry [2] .
3.2 Key technologies
During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, the development of mining technology needs to closely integrate the direction of the industry's macro-policy, changes in resource conditions, protection of the ecological environment and social impacts, so as to adapt and promote the progress of the entire industry. Therefore, mining technology should focus on the following aspects during the 13th Five-Year Plan period.
(1) Open-pit to underground mining and open-pit mining technology with the completion of a number of open-pit mines such as the Yankou Iron Mine and the Malanzhuang Iron Mine, which have been transferred to underground mining, open-pit mining or open-pit mining technology. Has fallen behind the actual needs of mine production. The research on open-pit mining technology involves many technical problems, especially the transition from open-pit to underground mining, the mining problem of the isolation layer, and the rock mechanics problems of open-pit mining or open-pit mining, which is urgently needed. During the five-year period, the research intensity was increased [3] .
(2) Deep mining technology With the depletion of shallow resources in China, iron ore mining has gradually turned to deeper, and the newly discovered iron ore resources are mostly deep deposits, such as the Daliangou iron ore and Chentaigou iron ore in Liaoning. , Sishanling iron ore, etc., the depth of the ore body has exceeded 1,000 meters. Different from shallow mining activities, deep mining has many special laws and disasters. The outstanding features are “three highsâ€, that is, special mining technical conditions such as high ground stress, high well temperature and high water pressure, which may cause the roof to collapse. roadway instability, intense heat, ventilation difficulties and other issues, caused by lifting, ventilation, drainage efficiency to reduce cost increases, this requires mining technology and equipment must adapt to this change, carry out key iron ore resources in deep mining technology Research has provided technical support for more and more iron ore mines entering deep mining.
(3) Digital mining technology Digital mine is a digital reproduction and understanding of the whole mine. With the application software of mine as a tool, the high-efficiency and automated data acquisition system is used as a means to achieve high information, automation and high efficiency. To achieve unmanned mining and intelligent mining. This is a complex and huge project involving many technical fields and organizational production departments. Its application potential in mining engineering design, production scheduling, system monitoring and disaster prediction needs to be further explored. It will also be China's iron ore. The future development direction of the mountain, including digital geological model system and digital deposit model system; mine simulation mining technology under virtual conditions; open and underground mine communication, positioning and navigation, information rapid processing and process monitoring technology; intelligent control of mining equipment and Control technology, etc.
(4) Green mining technology includes low-grade ore mining technology and non-waste mining technology. China's iron ore resources are mainly lean ore. For low-grade deposits, such as ultra-depleted vanadium- titanium magnetite in Chengde, mining with traditional mining methods, high production costs, serious environmental damage, low grade ore, difficult mining How to use the body is worthy of further research; in addition, in the process of mining, not only the damage to the natural environment, but also many waste gas, waste water and waste residue. Non-waste mining is to minimize the output and emissions of waste and improve the comprehensive utilization of resources. Process technology that mitigates or eliminates the negative effects of mineral resource development. In the long run, with the improvement of social environmental protection requirements, green mining technology will be one of the important research topics for the sustainable development of mining industry.
4 Conclusion
In recent years, China's iron ore mines are facing a shortage of resources, more and more difficult mining bodies, and increasingly high requirements for environmental protection. Mining technology has made progress in many aspects, especially in open pit mine steep slope transportation technology and truck dispatching system. Technological breakthroughs have been made in large-parameter pillarless sublevel caving, deep well mining, complex and difficult mining, mine geological disaster prevention, and comprehensive management of mine ecological environment, which is the expansion of domestic mine scale and the rapid growth of iron ore output. Technical support is provided. In the future, with the steady development of China's steel industry, the demand for iron ore will remain at a relatively high level. The continuous changes in the development conditions of iron ore resources and the increasing demand for environmental protection have prompted the future development of mining technology in the direction of high efficiency, digitization and greening. Under the current overall downturn of the iron ore industry, China's iron ore enterprises should actively improve their production efficiency and reduce production costs through technological transformation and management. At the same time, mining science and technology workers should also adapt to the requirements of the times, increase investment in research and development of mining technology, and actively promote the continuous development of the industry.
references
[1]He Yuan.Discussion on the status quo and development direction of metal mining technology in China[J].Science and Technology Information,2012,(33):412-414
[2]Wang Yunmin. Development trend of metallurgical mining technology and technology development strategy[J]. 金属矿,2006,(1):19-25
[3]Huang Lifu. Discussion on the development trend of contemporary mining technology and future mining technology [J]. Metal Mine, 2007, (8): 27-34
Source: Land and Resources Information
The author: Lv Zhenhua; (Metallurgical Industry Planning Research Institute, Beijing 100711,)
Copyright:
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